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A) Context & Thesis:At the root of all turmoil is themindset of anthropocentrism. This human-first,technologicallydominated mindset ruins our relationship to nature andmakesecological crisis inevitable.Sivil, 01 (Richard Sivil studiedat the University of Durban Westville, and a t the University ofNatal, Durban. He has been lecturing philosophy since 1996."Why weNeed a New Ethic for the Environment", Cultural Heritage 2(7):103116 (2001))
Three most significant and pressing factors contributing to theenvironmental crisis are the ever increasing human population, theenergy crisis, and the abuse
and pollution of the earths natural systems. These and otherfactors contributing to the environmental crisis can be directlylinkedto anthropocentric views of the world. The perception thatvalue is located in, and emanates from, humanity hasresulted inunderstanding human life as an ultimate value, superior to allother beings. This has driven innovators in medicineand technologyto ever improve our medical and material conditions, in an attemptto preserve human life, resulting in more people be ing born andliving longer.
In achieving this aim, they have indirectly contributed toincreasing the human population.Perceptions of superiority, coupledwith developingtechnologies have resulted in a social outlook thatgenerally does not rest content with the basic necessities oflife.Demands for more medical and social aid, more entertainmentand more comfort translate into demands for improved standards ofliving. Increasing populationnumbers, together with the materialdemands of modern society, place ever increasing demands on energysupplies. While wanting a better life is not a bad
thing, given the population explosion the current energy crisisis inevitable, which brings a whole host of environmentalimplications in tow. This is not to say thatevery improvement inthe standard of living is necessarily wasteful of energy orpolluting to the planet, but rather it is the cumulative effect ofthese improvements
that is damaging to the environment. The abuses facing thenatural environment as a result of the energy crisis and thefooddemand are clearly manifestations of anthropocentric views thattreat the environment as a resource and instrumentfor human ends.The pollution and destruction of the non-human natural world isdeemed acceptable, provided that itdoes not interfere with otherhuman beings.It could be argued that there is nothing essentiallywrong with anthropocentric assumptions, since it is natural,eveninstinctual, to favour ones self and species over and above allother forms of life. However, it is problematic in thatsuchperceptions influence our actions and dealings with the world tothe extent that the well-being of life on thisplanet is threatened,making the continuance of a huge proportion of existing life forms"tenuous if not improbable"(Elliot 1995: 1). Denying the non-humanworld ethical consideration, it is evident that anthropocentricassumptions provide a rationale for the exploitation of thenaturalworld and, therefore, have been largely responsible for the presentenvironmental crisis (Des Jardins 1997: 93).Fox identifies threebroad approaches to the environment informed by anthropocentricassumptions, which in reality are not distinct and separate, butoccur in a
variety of combinations.
The "expansionist" approachis characterised by therecognition
that nature has a purely instrumental valueto humans. This valueis accessed through the physical transformation of the non-humannatural world, by farming, mining, damming etc. Suchpracticescreate an economic value, which tends to "equate thephysical transformation of resources with economic growth"(Fox1990: 152). Legitimising continuous
expansion and exploitation, this approach relies on the ideathat there is an unending supply of resources. The"conservationist" approach, like thefirst, recognises the economicvalue of natural resourcesthrough their physical transformation,while at the same time accepting the fact thatthere are limits tothese resources. It therefore emphasises the importance ofconserving natural resources, while prioritising the importance ofdeveloping the
non-human natural world in the quest for financial gain. The"preservationist" approachdiffers from the first two in that itrecognises theenjoyment and aesthetic enrichment human beingsreceive from an undisturbed natural world. Focusing on thepsychicalnourishment value of the non-human natural world forhumans, this approach stresses the importance of preservingresources in their natural states.
All three approaches are informed by anthropocentricassumptions. This results in a one-sided understanding ofthehuman-nature relationship. Nature is understood to have asingular role of serving humanity, while humanity isunderstood tohave no obligations toward nature.Such a perception represents "notonly a deluded but also a very dangerous orientation tothe world"(Fox 1990: 13), as only the lives of human beings are recognised tohave direct moral worth, while the moral consideration of non-humanentities isentirely contingent upon the interests of human beings(Pierce & Van De Veer 1995: 9). Humanity is favoured asinherently valuable, while the non-human
natural world counts only in terms of its use value to humanbeings. The "expansionist" and "conservationist" approachesrecognise an economic value, while the"preservationist" approachrecognises a hedonistic, aesthetic or spiritual value. They accept,without challenge, the assumption that thevalue of the non-humannatural world is entirely dependent on human needs and interests.None attempt to movebeyond the assumption that nature has any worthother than the value humans can derive from it, let alone searchfora deeper value in nature. This ensures that human duties retaina purely human focus, thereby avoiding thepossibility that humansmay have duties that extend to non-humans. This can lead to viewingthe non-human world,devoid of direct moral consideration, as a mereresource with a purely instrumental value of servitude. This givesriseto a principle of total use, whereby every natural area is seenfor its potential cultivation value, to be used forhumanends(Zimmerman 1998: 19). This provides limited means tocriticise the behaviour of those who use nature purely as awarehouse of resources (Pierce & VanDe Veer 1995: 184).
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B) Links1. The preoccupation with economics, development, andthe need to combat povertyis inherently anthropocentric - It tradesoff with a more ecological worldview.
ARC in 2006( November 7-8, Alliance of Religions andConservation, Norway Conference: Details of thesessions,(http://www.arcworld.org/projects.asp?projectID=275
The Brundtland report acknowledged the need to combatpovertyand, at the same time avoid environmentaldegradation. Thereports scenario of sustainable development suggested a win-winsituation for both the poor and theenvironment. This assumptionhas,however, often provenproblematic, as the notion of sustainableuse of natural resources mayimply that a given population isexcluded from using the resources in question. Hence, the idea ofconserving or preserving natural resources maycontradicttheambition of achieving development. In practice, such tensions haveoften resulted in problems related to unequal power relations andeven open clashesbetween distinct groups of actors.
Evidently, one of the reasons for such antagonism lies in thefact that different actors have distinct andsometimesincommensurable interests. A person who depends for aliving on harvesting or farming a given piece of land is likely toobserve the prospect of strictconservation differently than aperson who is no t engaged in such activities. The importance ofpositioning is no less relevant in the case o forganisations,institutions and enterprises, whose agendas may alsorepresent conflicting interests across the globe.
With the growing global concern for the environment anddevelopment, the relationships between the various interests andvalues atplay become rather complex. One axis of significance isthe philosophically elaborated distinction between anthropocentricversusbio- oreco-centricworldviews. While the concept ofsustainable development tends to be taken as anthropocentric inthat it emphasises theneed to combat povertyas a primary, globalobjective, an eco-centric perspective, by contrast, places emphasisonecological sustainability and tends to disapprove of measures foreconomic development. The notion of conservation is oftenassociatedwith this perspective, in that the goal explicitly impliespreservation of (the natural) status quo.
2. Assumptions about poverty are social constructed. We mustunderstand poverty interms of our alienation fromnature.Plling-Vocke 05. (Bernt, Master of International Relations.Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand, The End of Poverty:The globalization ofthe unreal and the impoverishment ofall,http://www.hockeyarenas.com/berntpv/jeffreysachs/endofpovertydeepecology.pdf)
Poverty, measured in terms such as purchasing power, is sociallyconstructed. Just the fact that it represents thecontemporarystatus quoin international poverty discussion does not mean that itis by any means natural. Poverty is whathumans make of it. I do notwant to argue that the poor are not really poor, which they oftenare, both in absolute andrelative terms, but to illustrate thatpoverty, as we know, perceive and understand it, is oftenconstructed. Themainstream conception of poverty could equally wellcontain the strength of communities, the intactness of nature orthefreedom from excessive work. It might be too romantic andsimplistic to imagine the aforementioned Tanzanian subsistencefarmer cracking
jokes about the poor, lonely, western individual; poor in termsof kin relations, in terms of an alienation from nature byall-encompassing office-work and eternally purchasing short spurtso f happiness at the mall, especially if we compare the personaloutcome in the face of a diseases as malaria orHIV/Aids.
http://www.arcworld.org/projects.asp?projectID=275http://www.arcworld.org/projects.asp?projectID=275http://www.arcworld.org/projects.asp?projectID=275http://www.hockeyarenas.com/berntpv/jeffreysachs/endofpovertydeepecology.pdfhttp://www.hockeyarenas.com/berntpv/jeffreysachs/endofpovertydeepecology.pdfhttp://www.hockeyarenas.com/berntpv/jeffreysachs/endofpovertydeepecology.pdfhttp://www.hockeyarenas.com/berntpv/jeffreysachs/endofpovertydeepecology.pdfhttp://www.arcworld.org/projects.asp?projectID=2758/11/2019 Scfi Anthro k
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C) Impact:Without addressing ecological concerns, the aff cannotsolve for any impacts,poverty will be exacerbated, and destructionof the environment is inevitable.
Hwang 00(Kyung-Sig Hwang Department of Philosophy, SeoulUniversity)
The third view, which will be defended here, is that there is noneed for a specifically ecological ethic to explain our obligations toward nature, that our moral
rights and duties can satisfactorily be explained in terms oftraditional, human-centered ethical theory.[4]In terms of thisview, ecology bears onethics and morality in that it brings out thefar-reaching, extremely important effects of man's actions, thatmuch thatseemed simply to happen-extinction of species, depletionof resources, pollution, over rapid growth ofpopulation,undesirable, harmful, dangerous, and damaging uses oftechnology and science - is due to human actions thatarecontrollable, preventable, by men and hence such that men can beheld accountable for what occurs.Ecologybrings outthat, oftenacting from the best motives, however, simply from short-sightedself-interest without regard for others livingtoday and for thoseyet to be born, brings about very damaging and often irreversiblechanges in the environment,changes such as the extinction of plantand animal species, destruction of wilderness and valuablenaturalphenomena such as forests, lakes, rivers, seas. Manyreproduce at a rate with which their environment cannot cope,
so that damage is done, to and at the same time, those who areborn are ill-fed, ill-clad, ill-sheltered, ill-educated.
D) Alternative: Vote negative as an act of criticism.
Voting negative can politicize the environment and to promote anon-anthropocentricethic by challenging the discourse of the 1AC.Sapontzis, 95 (S. F. Sapontzis Professor are California StateUniversity, Hayward, Longbeach. Deputy editor of Between theSpecies: A Journal ofEthics. The Nature of the Value of Nature 1995http://ejap.louisiana.edu/EJAP/1995.spring/sapontzis.1995.spring.html)
[5] Finally, if the motivating concern about the value of naturereally is practical, it must be political. In order toovercome theenvironmental crisis, we must convince peoples and governments tochange their behaviors andinstitutions in the ways necessary toachieve that end. If the peoples and governments which aredevastating natureare anthropocentric, then environmentallyenlightened anthropocentric arguments have an immediate relevancetopolitical debates concerning environmentally significantpractices. In contrast, arguments employing ideas of theoverriding,objective value of nature are politically irrelevant until theseanthropocentric, nature-devastating peoplesand governments come tobelieve that nature has such value. While neither task is easy,convincing peoples andgovernments to change their fundamental valuesystems seems a far more problematic and time-consuming taskthanconvincing them that continuing their nature-devastating practicesis contrary to their anthropocentric values.Especially in a time ofcrisis, pursuing the less problematic and time-consuming course ofargument is the course totake to make a real, political difference.Consequently, the practical motivation of overcoming theenvironmental crisisdoes not direct us to establish the overriding,objective value of nature; rather, it directs us to developpoliticallycompelling, anthropocentric arguments forenvironmentalism.
http://www.eubios.info/ABC4/abc4304.htm#4http://www.eubios.info/ABC4/abc4304.htm#4http://www.eubios.info/ABC4/abc4304.htm#4http://www.eubios.info/ABC4/abc4304.htm#48/11/2019 Scfi Anthro k
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Alternative: only advocating oikeiosis,the doctrine ofbelonging, and biocentricallyrecognizing that human beings are partof a shared community of life allows us toestablish harmony withnature while also preserving human individualism anddignity.Steiner05. (Gary, John Howard Harris Professor of Philosophy at BucknellUniversity,Anthropocentrism and Its Discontents: The Moral Statusof Animalsin the History of Western Philosophy,http://books.google.com/books?id=RJ7GP8dcmLQC&pg=PA212&lpg=PA212&dq=anthropocentrism+poverty&source=bl&ots=gynWaPQxR5&sig=eTFYqqtZ5_BbNh62mWplFyR0Vl8&hl=en&ei=biFhSvLpFNCTlAft1OWeDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1)
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Ecological K of Poverty
Ecology is intrinsically intertwined with human sociology andhistory.OConnor in 97. (James. Emeritus Professor of Sociology andEconomics in the Department of Sociology at the University ofCalifornia at Santa Cruz.Natural Causes: Essays in EcologicalMarxism.http://books.google.com/books?id=4_cYGQ2BafUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=natural+causes)
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Solutions to poverty within the affirmatives capitalistframework ignore theimmanent contradiction between self-expandingcapital and self-limiting nature.OConnor in 97. (James. EmeritusProfessor of Sociology and Economics in the Department of Sociologyat the University of California at Santa Cruz.
Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism.http://books.google.com/books?id=4_cYGQ2BafUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=natural+causes)
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The alternative is to embrace ecology and find environmentaljustice for personsliving in poverty through radical socioeconomicchange.OConnor in 97. (James. Emeritus Professor of Sociology andEconomics in the Department of Sociology at the University ofCalifornia at Santa Cruz.
Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism.http://books.google.com/books?id=4_cYGQ2BafUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=natural+causes)
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Anthropocentrism K2NC Overview
Our K is essentially about the affirmatives prioritization ofhelping hom*o sapiens living in povertyrather than realizing thatecology is the primary question when determining the causalitiesandimplications of poverty as a socio economic construct. Theconcept of anthropocentrism is the
determination that all aspects of the biosphere have valueaccording to human terms contrary toidea that nature can never bedisposable because its preservation is always worth the same.Thiscontrols the affs discourse in all traditional aspects ofenvironmental policy. The development ofthese ideas not onlyinhibits the affirmative solvency, but turns the case making theirimpactsinevitable.
As such, the negative proposed oikeiosis- the process ofbelonging to the biosphere- as a means tocreate belonging for allaspects of the natural world.
As such, the negative proposed a political alternative whichwould use understanding rather thantotally denial ofanthropocentrism. This solves because it is transcending totalizingdepictions on
both sides so that we can reach common ground and it proves thatmeaningful action comes beforethe spoken word.
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Anthropocentrism is the use of the non human world for humanpurposes and is passed onthrough discourse.Turner, Summer 09 (RitaTurner UMBC: An Honors University in Maryland The DiscursiveConstruction of Anthropocentrism. Environmental Ethics;Summer2009,Vol. 31 Issue 2, p183-201, 19p. 2009 EBSCOhttp://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=106&sid=6c27a5b4-37cc-45d1-92e8-
1efc915f4205%40sessionmgr110&bdata=JmxvZ2lucGFnZT1sb2dpbi5hc3Amc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl#db=aph&AN=42988162#db=aph&AN=42988162)
Our businesses, policies, and lifestyles cause unexaminedconsequences for other people and other living beings,and exactsweeping destruction on the very ecosystems which support all life,including our own. A major factorcontributing to this destructivebehavior is the anthropocentric character of the dominant Westernworld view, whichconceives of the nonhuman living world as apartfrom and less important than the human world, andwhichconceptualizes nonhuman nature-including animals, plants,ecological systems, the land, and the atmosphere-as inert, silent,passive,and valuable only for its worth as a resource for humanconsumption. This anthropocentric conceptual frameworkisconstructed, transmitted, and reproduced in the realm ofdiscourse, in all of the modes and avenues through whichwe make andexpress cultural meaning.We need to make explicit the ways thatmainstream Western and American discourse promotesanthropocentrismand masks, denies, or denigrates interdependence, and we need tofind ways to reformulate and reframe our discouse if we are toproduce thesort of ecological consciousness that will be essentialfor creating a sustainable future.
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Anthropocentrism is using resource conservation for the benefitof humans and hasmade hom*o sapiens conquerors.
Li, 96 (Huey-li Li University of Akron On the Nature ofEnvironmental Education (Anthropocentrism versusNon-Anthropocentrism: The IrrelevantDebate 1996 Philosophy ofeducation society.http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-Yearbook/96_docs/li.html)
Specifically,Aldo Leopold argues that "we have a wellarticulated human-to-human ethic; what we need is acomparablehuman-to-land ethic."[10] Here, Leopold refers to "land"as an ecosystem which includes soils, waters, plants, and animals.In critiquing thehuman exploitation of nature, Leopold considersthat it is important to "change the role of hom*o Sapiensfromconqueror of the land-community to plain members and citizensof it ."[11] Similarly, Naess promotes "deep ecology" inorder tomove away from what he calls anthropocentric "shallow ecology"which is only concerned with resourceconservation and pollutioncontrol for the protection of humans. Naess claims that a genuineethical concern forenvironmental issues must go beyond a pursuit ofhuman interests. In his own words, "A new ethic, embracing plantsand animals aswell as people, is required for human societies tolive in harmony with the natural world on which they depend forsurvival and well-being."[12] Accordingly, heproposes the principleof biospherical egalitarianism, proclaiming that all the members inthe ecosphere share equal
rights to live and blossom.
Modern science has reframed nature anthropocentrically such thatit has beenpushed beyond the ontological boundaries ofreality.Plling-Vocke 05. (Bernt, Master of International Relations.Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand, The End of Poverty:The globalization ofthe unreal and the impoverishment of all,http://www.hockeyarenas.com/berntpv/jeffreysachs/endofpovertydeepecology.pdf)
Our modern regard of nature reached an unprecedented scale withthe enlightenmentproject, and the rise of the scientificworldview.Ever since, the world seems to operate according to certain clear,calculable, and unchanging laws, not by the whims of any living,sentientbeing318. Jeffrey Sachs feels deeply indebted, as all of uswho work toward a brighter future are intellectually indebted tothe awe-inspiring geniuses of the
Enlightenment, who first glimpsed the prospect of conscioussocial actions to improve human well -begin on a global scale319.With the rise of thewestern, modernist project, nature ceased to beeither beautiful or scary, but merely there, ready to be usedbyhumans, for humans320, Sale argue. It became de-mystified and wasinterpreted as slave and raw material321, Arne Naess
adds. For radical environmentalists as them, Sachs vision ofanenlightened globalization a globalization ofdemocracies,multilateralism, science and technology, and a globaleconomic system designed to meet human needs322 istroublesome.IfSachs program of development allows each and everyone of humanitytojoin in on the rising tide ofglobalization, non-human life willbe drowned out.When Rene Descartes, often claimed to be the fatherof modernity, started doubtingeverything he could manage to doubt,arithmetic and geometry stood out as more certain than sensualperceptions323, and the cornerstone for Sachs
enlightened globalization was placed. For Descartes, it becomeimpossible to appraise the world by intuition, and the method ofcritical doubtbrought to completion the detachment of man fromnature, the dualism of man and the rest of nature thatreservedgoals and purposes for humans alone324. For Descartes,reasoning and science allowed a reduction of chemistry and biologyto mechanics, thusthe process by which a seed develops into ananimal orplant is purely mechanical325, therefore animals areautomata326. Nowadays, modernsciences, indebted to theenlightenment project, often portray nature along the lines of ameaningless and colourlesscollision of lifeless atoms fallingthrough the void327. By comparison, only humans have minds andbodies, whileanimals have only bodies328. Industrialism andurbanization have transformed experiences of nature, as theearth
itself is sold in plastic bags and, for many urbanizedcity-dwellers, contact with unmediated nature is contained inparks,where ironically the sense of danger resides in encounters withones fellow citizens.The constructed reality of urbanlife isconfirmed by contrast with lesser realities as Disneyland, but inessence, the real is no longer real329. Furthermore, the rampanturbanization led to theestablishment of national parks, but sinceparks are limited, they often cannot qualify as areas of what ArneNaess describes as friluftsliv330, because heavyusage in the era ofmass tourism severely restricts what friluftsliv is about; onecannot walk off path, camp wild, prepare food except in providedgrills and soon331. Naess remarks that instead of entering a realmof freedom, one feels that one is in some kind of museum ruled byangry owners. Additionally, a highlyunnatural outfitting pressureexists, and norms about equipment replacement are impressed uponand accepted by large sections of the popu lation, therefore
people swallow the equipment hooklengthen their work day andincrease stress in the city to be able to afford the latest 332. Ifthis is in accordancewith what we, en-masse, regard as nature, thereal is once again no longer real.
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Virtue ethics are anthropocentric because they contend thatanimals lack therationality requisite to moral virtue.Steiner 05.(Gary, John Howard Harris Professor of Philosophy at BucknellUniversity,Anthropocentrism and Its Discontents: The Moral Statusof Animals
in the History of Western Philosophy,http://books.google.com/books?id=RJ7GP8dcmLQC&pg=PA212&lpg=PA212&dq=anthropocentrism+poverty&source=bl&ots=gynWaPQxR5&sig=eTFYqqtZ5_BbNh62mWplFyR0Vl8&hl=en&ei=biFhSvLpFNCTlAft1OWeDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1)
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Although nature is necessary to improve human welfare, ourconceptualization ofrights and economics contributes to ecologicaldestruction.Plling-Vocke 05. (Bernt, Master of InternationalRelations. Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand, The End ofPoverty: The globalization of
the unreal and the impoverishment of all,http://www.hockeyarenas.com/berntpv/jeffreysachs/endofpovertydeepecology.pdf)ForJeffrey Sachs, nature is one sort of capital required to improvehuman well-beingon a global scale. With such an almostuniversallyshared attitude, it is true that modern industrial people, inpractice at least, presume that there are nomoral issues involvedin (their) treatment of animals and forests, Andew McLaughlinassesses293. Concerning nature, wehave no option but to use humansas a point of reference, and if nature would be attributed withinalienable rights,we would be unable to avoid ethical dilemmas,sceptical environmentalist Bjoern Lomborg puts forward. Instead ofinalienable rights,people attribute preferences towards nature,following few rational schemes, as sometimes emissions are cut tosavesea-bed dwelling animals, while at the same time we slaughtercattle for beef294. On the other hand, economies are thedominantfactor in determining a societys interaction with all of nature,and the compelling need to secure a living byearning wages propelsmost people to participate in activities that they might otherwiseavoid, but cannot, as theireconomic system rewards ecologicallydestructive practices, Deep Ecologist McLaughlin appears to counterto such claims295. If weassume that the traditional culturalbeliefs and practices of much of the world are favourable to thenorms of the deep ecological movement296 and our modernways ofregarding nature are wrong, spreading the word of Jeffrey Sachsuniversal ladder o f development will globalize incentives forhumans to participate in
activities that they might otherwise avoid.
Both capitalism and socialism are fundamentally anthropocentriceconomic systems.Plling-Vocke 05. (Bernt, Master of InternationalRelations. Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand, The End ofPoverty: The globalization ofthe unreal and the impoverishment ofall,http://www.hockeyarenas.com/berntpv/jeffreysachs/endofpovertydeepecology.pdf)
Under capitalism, nature can be privately owned. Most ofnonhuman nature is regarded as stuff which can beowned and disposedof as a right of the owner. It is disenchanted of intrinsic valueand viewed as raw materialsand raw resources306thus, as JeffreySachs puts it, natural capital(ought to provide) the environmentalservices needed by humansociety307. Consequently, nonhuman natureis not seen as what it is but as what it might become308. The whaleisntprimarily a whale, but either a steak or something to showcaseto buzzing video-cameras from around the world.Under capitalism,the future is frequently discounted, and economic rationalityrequires that the distant future bedisregarded309. Scarcities ofresources tend to fasten their depletion, unless a business isremodelled, as in the case of whales. Economic rationality canonlybe overcome with sufficient wealth and a desire for a sustainableyield, but capitalistic economies will not likely beecologicallyrational310. The whale might have gotten away, but itis the exception. There are no grounds to assume that socialism, asanalternative to contemporary capitalism, would embrace nature anydifferent, as there is no compelling reason tobelieve that asociety evolved beyond human relations involving domination wouldalso automatically rejectdomination over the rest of nature311.From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs,Karl Marxonce stated, prompting Garrett Hardin to challenge Andthen what?312
The development of economic policies are also done for personalgain- that of themajor corporations.Corten, 02(David C. Korten BAin psychology from Stanford University and MBA and Ph.D. degreesfrom the Stanford Business School Global 6 BillionPeoples Summit,June 22, 2002, University of Calgary BEYOND THE GLOBAL SUICIDEECONOMYhttp://www.pcdf.org/2002/Gobal6Billion.htm)
By contrast, those of us who live in the real world of peopleand nature experience a deepening crisis of such magnitude
as to threaten the fabric of civilization and the survival ofthe species. Where corporate globalists see the spread ofdemocracyand vibrant market economies, we see the power to govern shiftingaway from people and communitiesto financial speculators and globalcorporations dedicated to monopolizing the worlds markets andresources in theblind pursuit of profit. We see corporationsreplacing democracies of people with democracies of money,self-organizing markets with centrally planned corporate economies,and spiritually grounded ethical cultures withcultures of greed andmaterialism.
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Even a framework of deontological ethics is anthropocentricbecause it assumes thatthe death of a person has a greater primafacie harm than the death of a million dogs,leading toxenocide.
Steiner 05. (Gary, John Howard Harris Professor of Philosophy at Bucknell University,Anthropocentrism and Its Discontents: TheMoral Status of Animalsin the History of Western Philosophy,http://books.google.com/books?id=RJ7GP8dcmLQC&pg=PA212&lpg=PA212&dq=anthropocentrism+poverty&source=bl&ots=gynWaPQxR5&sig=eTFYqqtZ5_BbNh62mWplFyR0Vl8&hl=en&ei=biFhSvLpFNCTlAft1OWeDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1)
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Focusing on utilitarianism, inherent value, and subjective humancapacitiesempirically disfavors animals because they are tailoredto humans.Steiner 05. (Gary, John Howard Harris Professor ofPhilosophy at Bucknell University,Anthropocentrism and ItsDiscontents: The Moral Status of Animals
in the History of Western Philosophy,http://books.google.com/books?id=RJ7GP8dcmLQC&pg=PA212&lpg=PA212&dq=anthropocentrism+poverty&source=bl&ots=gynWaPQxR5&sig=eTFYqqtZ5_BbNh62mWplFyR0Vl8&hl=en&ei=biFhSvLpFNCTlAft1OWeDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1)
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2NC Linkwall (Util)
Utilitarian calculus excludes nature, guaranteeing disregard,and thus destruction ofnature, unless it directly affectshumanity.Steiner 05. (Gary, John Howard Harris Professor ofPhilosophy at Bucknell University,Anthropocentrism and ItsDiscontents: The Moral Status of Animals
in the History of Western Philosophy,http://books.google.com/books?id=RJ7GP8dcmLQC&pg=PA212&lpg=PA212&dq=anthropocentrism+poverty&source=bl&ots=gynWaPQxR5&sig=eTFYqqtZ5_BbNh62mWplFyR0Vl8&hl=en&ei=biFhSvLpFNCTlAft1OWeDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1)
Utilitarian calculus is inherently anthropocentric because itassumes that humanity isat the center of the universe.Steiner 05.(Gary, John Howard Harris Professor of Philosophy at BucknellUniversity,Anthropocentrism and Its Discontents: The Moral Statusof Animalsin the History of Western Philosophy,http://books.google.com/books?id=RJ7GP8dcmLQC&pg=PA212&lpg=PA212&dq=anthropocentrism+poverty&source=bl&ots=gynWaPQxR5&sig=eTFYqqtZ5_BbNh62mWplFyR0Vl8&hl=en&ei=biFhSvLpFNCTlAft1OWeDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1)
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2NC Linkwall (Util)
Preventing suffering to nonhumans is only virtuous to the extentthat it benefits thehuman acting to prevent suffering.Steiner 05.(Gary, John Howard Harris Professor of Philosophy at BucknellUniversity,Anthropocentrism and Its Discontents: The Moral Statusof Animalsin the History of Western Philosophy,http://books.google.com/books?id=RJ7GP8dcmLQC&pg=PA212&lpg=PA212&dq=anthropocentrism+poverty&source=bl&ots=gynWaPQxR5&sig=eTFYqqtZ5_BbNh62mWplFyR0Vl8&hl=en&ei=biFhSvLpFNCTlAft1OWeDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1)
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Political Alt Solvency
Our policies have developed greater inequalities in classes andwe must consider the effects of theneoliberal polices.Westerfield,04 (Robert E. Westerfield New York : Nova Science Publishers, 2004Current Issues inGlobalizationhttp://books.google.com/books?id=_Y-
mnYHFmioC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=anthropocentrism+socio+economic+inequality&source=bl&ots=tPa9ulUD7K&sig=hgWFzrnVHJjkL8W9z72Z6w65KkE&hl=en&ei=JttgSti5DuKFmQepqZnoDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7)
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Oikeiosis Alt Solvency
An environmental ethic must include the greaterenvironment.Sivil, 01 (Richard Sivil studied at the University ofDurban Westville, and at the University of Natal, Durban. He hasbeen lecturing philosophy since 1996."Why we Need a New Ethic forthe Environment", Cultural Heritage 2(7): 103116 (2001))
It is clear that humanity has the capacity to transform anddegrade the environment. Given the consequences inherent in havingsuch capacities, "the needfor a coherent, comprehensive, rationallypersuasive environmental ethic is imperative"(Pierce & Van DeVeer 1995: 2). Thepurpose of an environmental ethic would be toaccount for the moral relations that exist between humans andtheenvironment, and to provide a rational basis from which todecide how we ought and ought not to treat theenvironment. Theenvironment was defined as the world in which we are enveloped andimmersed, constituted byboth animate and inanimate objects. Thisincludes both individual living creatures, such as plants andanimals, aswell as non-living, non-individual entities, such asrivers and oceans, forests and velds, essentially, the whole planetEarth. Thisconstitutes a vast and all-inclusive sphere, and, forpurposes of clarity, shall be referred to as the"greaterenvironment".In order to account for the moral relationsthat exist between humans and the greater environment, anenvironmental ethic should have asignificantly wide range offocus.
Only embracing the environment can help mitigate naturaldisasters.
Maxwell 08. (Annie Maxwell is the Chief Operating Officer ofDirect Relief International. From August 2005 to October 2006, shewas seconded to theUnited Nations Office of theSpecial Envoy forTsunami Recovery, as Partnerships and Outreach Officer. The Role ofthe Environment in PovertyAlleviation,http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/resources/documents/environment_role.pdf)The tsunami response posed immense challengesfor those in the affected countries and the members of theinternational community who responded. More than
three years later, there are many lessons to be learned forfuture humanitarianresponse efforts.The Tsunami EvaluationCoalition(TEC), a collaborative of representatives from donorcountries, UN agencies, the Red Cross, and nongovernmentalorganizations, published five excellent
thematic joint evaluations and a Synthesis Report that exploremany of these issues.2Among the most interesting and important isthefailure of many actors to integrate environmental considerationssuccessfully into the recovery, and the reasonsthese criticalissues were ignored.While some have argued that environmentalissues were not incorporated because the environment is notvaluedas important or as a sign ificant issue in the world ofinternational development, the evidence suggests the contrary.Although environmental conservation andprotection were formerlyviewed in opposition to international development, that tension haslessened over the past thirty years (Galizzi, 2006). Indeed,theenvironment has come to be recognized as central to development,as is clearly evidenced by the modern sustainable
development approach (Galizzi, 2006). The tsunami revealed indramatic fashion the powerful role that the condition oftheenvironment plays in determining the consequences of naturalhazards, and the correlation was not lost on those struggling torespond
and rebuild. During the tsunami, the environment proved that itcould serve as a natural protectorate. Communities where mangroves,coral reefs, and naturaldunes were cared for were spared the mostdevastating ravages of the tsunami. In Sri Lanka, researchers foundthat intact coral reefs played an important role.
In one rather dramatic example in the town of Peraliya, wherethe coral reef had been destroyed, water came 1.5 kminland,smashing a passenger train and killing 1,700 people (Liu et al.,2005). The old, crushed rail car became one of the moretragiciconic images of the tsunami. Down the coast in Hikkaduwa,where the coral reef had been protected, the tsunami hit theshoreminimally, coming in only 50 meters, and it killed no one(ibid.). While there are dramatic examples of coral reefs playing arole in protectingcoastal communities, mangroves are the moreprominent and widespread exampleof the benefits o f holisticenvironmental management.Satellite images from before and after thetsunami offer visual evidence of the protective power of thesetrees. Those communities with protectedmangrove forests along thecoastline fared far better(UNEP, 2005). In India, researchers foundthat areas in theCuddalore district with coastal vegetation wereless damaged than others that had been environmentallydegraded(Danielsen et al., 2005). The tsunami demonstrated anobvious physical connection between environmental protectionanddisaster risk reduction.
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Impacts
Maintaining current worldview threatens humanity in multipleways. Fritjor Capra,Philosopher, 1995(Deep Ecology in the 21stCentury)It is becoming increasingly apparent that the majorproblems of our time cannot be understood in isolation. The
threat of nuclear war, the devastation of our naturalenvironment, the persistence of poverty along with progress eveninthe richest countriesthese are not isolated problems. They aredifferent facets of one single crisis, which isessentially a crisisof perception. The crisis derives from the fact that most of us andespecially our large socialinstitutions subscribe to the conceptsand values of an outdated worldview, which is inadequate fordealing with theproblems of our overpopulated, globallyinterconnected world.
Their will to act ignores the ecological destruction occurringall around us.Hwang 00(Kyung-Sig Hwang Department of Ph ilosophy,Seoul University)While our ability to affect the future is immense,our ability to foresee the results of our environmentalinterventions isnot. I think that our moral responsibility growswith foresight. And yet, paradoxically in some cases grave moralresponsibility is entailed by thefact of one's ignorance. If theplanetary life-support system appears to be complex and mysterious,humble ignoranceshould indicate respect and restraint.
However, as many life scientists have complained, these virtueshave not been apparent in these generations. Instead they po intout, we have boldly
marched ahead, shredding delicate ecosystems and obliteratingcountless species, and with them the unique geneticcodes thatevolved through millions of years; we have altered the climate andeven the chemistry of the atmosphere,and as a result of allthis-what?[18]A few results are immediately to our benefit; moreenergy, more mineral resources, more cropland, convenientwastedisposal. Indeed, these short-term payoffs motivated us to alterour natural environment. But by far the larger and more significantresults, the permanentresults, are unknown and perhaps unknowable.Nature, says poet, Nancy Newhall, "holds answers to more questionsthan we know how to ask." And we have
scarcely bothered to ask.[19]Year and year, the naturalhabitants diminish and the species disappear, and thus ourplanetaryecosystem (our household) is forever impoverished.
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2NC Impact Calc
Their anthropocentric impacts of nuclear war and extinctionignore the systemicecological catastrophe as well as the constantnuclear war evoked on animals.Plling-Vocke 05. (Bernt, Master ofInternational Relations. Victoria University, Wellington, NewZealand, The End of Poverty: The globalization of
the unreal and the impoverishment of all,http://www.hockeyarenas.com/berntpv/jeffreysachs/endofpovertydeepecology.pdf)Theseworld affairs are dark, and the old rough equivalency of GNP withGross National Pollution still holds.280 Hundreds of millions ofyears ofevolution of mammals and especially of large,territory-demanding animals will come to a halt281 and perceptions,as by Jeffrey Sachs, that thatwhich is not of value to any humanbeing is not of value at all, are egocentric.Newtons laws were madeby Newton,but stones fall without him, and value statements areonly uttered by hom*o sapiens, but not necessarily the only va lues,just because values areformulated not by mosquitos in mosquitolanguage282. Humanity uses its uniqueness and special capacitiesamong millions ofkinds of other living beings for constantdomination and mistreatment283, but life is fundamentally one284.Formillions of animals, disasters feared by humans are commonplace,as these animals live and die in a nuclear wartoday, locked away inlaboratories and tortured for experiments285.A lack ofidentification leads to indifference286.Wilderness has become soscare that many national parks are so overloaded with people thatextremely strict regulations havebeen introduced instead ofenteringa realm of freedom, one feels that one is in some kind of museumruled by angry owners287. Responsible participants of contemporarysocieties haveslowly but surely begun to question whether we trulyaccept this unique, sinister role we have previously chosen, ourroles within a global culture of a primarily
techno-industrial nature288. How dire are these world affairs?The threat of ecocatastrophe has become apparent289. Apocalypse
now is happening all around, and only continued deterioration ofhuman life conditions may strengthen and deepen the deep ecologicalmovement,hopefully resulting in major changes in economic,political and ideological structures290.Then, human developmentmight follow another path and abandonJeffrey Sachs ladder ofmodern, economic growth. The process is probably slow and itsdirection revolutionary, but its steps are reformatory291.
No matter the value of nature it can never be disposable becauseits perseveration isalways worth the same.Sapontzis, 95 (S. F.Sapontzis Professor are California State University, Hayward,Longbeach. Deputy editor of Between the Species: A JournalofEthics. The Nature of the Value of Nature 1995http://ejap.louisiana.edu/EJAP/1995.spring/sapontzis.1995.spring.html)
Nature obviously has the material and productive sorts ofderivative value in a wide variety of ways . While acting on someofthese values involves interfering with, severely altering, andeven destroying nature, at least locally and temporarily, acting onothers requires preserving thatorder. For example, someenvironmentalists have emphasized the productive value nature hasfor many people in relation to their feelings of spiritual well-being,
and that is a derivative value that requires preserving nature.Similarly, as noted above, environmentalists also emphasize theoriginary valueof nature for the possibility of life on earth, andthis is, once again, a value that requires preserving nature .Thus, even ifnature had only derivative value or even if nature'sderivative value were its highest priority value, that wouldnotimply that we should treat nature as a storehouse of disposableitems.
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Turns Case
Case turn: ecology is necessary for sustained povertyreduction.Halverson and McNeill 08. (Elspeth Halverson is aProgramme Officer with the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP) EquatorInitiative. Charles McNeill is the Manager of theEnvironment Program Team within UNDP and of UNDPs BiodiversityConservation andPoverty Reductionprograms. The Role o f theEnvironment in Poverty Alleviation,http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/resources/documents/environment_role.pdf)
In 2002, ten years after the Rio Earth Summit, and between thetwo UN Millennium Summits of 2000 and 2005, the world gathered inJohannesburg, SouthAfrica, for the World Summit on SustainableDevelopment (WSSD) to further articulate concrete commitments forimplementing Agenda 21.Agenda 21 is acomprehensive plan of actionto be taken at all levels (global, national, local, and corporate)to address humanimpact on the environmentthat was agreed in Rio(1992). Among many agreements captured in the Johannesburg Plan ofImplementation (JPOI)there is the recognition by world leaders thatsound and equitable management of natural resources andecosystemservices is critical to sustained poverty reductionandachievement of the Millennium Development Goals (Johannesburg PlanofImplementation, 2002). It is also worth noting that the EquatorInitiative (described later in this overview) was crea ted beforethe Johannesburg World Summit asan effort to assess and learn fromthe record of achievement toward sustainable development of locallevel actors and communities. In advance of the WSSD, agroup oflike-minded agencies and institutions came together to form thePoverty Environment Partnership. Involving UNDP, UNEP, the WorldBank, withnational governments, regional development banks, and themajor environmental and development NGOs, this partnership is an informal but influential networkthat aims to improve the coordinationof work on poverty reduction and the environment within theframework of internationally agreed principles and processes
for sustainable development. The partnerships goal is to build aconsensus on the critical links between poverty and theenvironment,particularly that better environmental management is essential tolasting poverty reduction by sharinginsights and best practicearound mainstreaming environmental dimensions intodevelopment(UNDP/UNEP Poverty andEnvironment Initiative [PEI],n.d.). In particular, the Poverty Environment Partnership has thegoals of(1) sharing knowledge and operationalexperience; (2)identifying ways and means to improve coordination andcollaboration at country and policy levels; and (3)developing andimplementing joint activities (PEI, n.d.). The PEP alliancelaunched a major policy document at the WSSD, entitled LinkingPoverty Reductionand Environmental Management: Policy Challengesand Opportunities, which emphasized the need for policy andinstitutional changes to improve governance,increase the assets ofthe poor, improve the quality of economic growth, and reforminternational and industrial country practices (Department forInternationalDevelopment, 2002). With this report, the PEP allianceput forward pro-poor integrated poverty-environment policyapproaches as a centerpiece for the MDGagenda.
Case turn: critical thought to reconceptualize the environmentis key to solvepoverty. Policy experts agree.Halverson and McNeill08. (Elspeth Halverson is a Programme Officer with the UnitedNations Development Programme (UNDP) EquatorInitiative. CharlesMcNeill is the Manager of the Environment Program Team within UNDPand of UNDPs Biodiversity Conservation andPovertyReductionprograms. The Role o f the Environment in PovertyAlleviation, http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/resources/documents/environment_role.pdf)
The2005 Millennium Review Summit also marked a critical turningpoint in the analytical and substantive debate onenvironment anddevelopment through a series of reports from prominentresearchersand development institutions. Leadingenvironmentalorganizations, corporations, development and academic institutions,including UNDP, UNEP, the World Bank, World ConservationUnion(IUCN), International Institute for Environment andDevelopment (IIED), the World Resources Institute, World WildlifeFund (WWF), Swiss Re, and Harvard
University, recently published findings that firmly place thehealth of the environment as central to lasting economicand socialdevelopment.The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Perhaps mostfundamentally, the Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment(MA) has irrevocably altered our understanding of thethreats to the health of the worlds ecosystems andthe starkimplications for human society. The MA was commissioned by UNSecretary General Kofi Annan in 2000 and was authorized throughfourinternational environmental conventions: the Convention onBiological Diversity, the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, theConvention to Combat
Desertification and the Convention on Migratory Species(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [MA], 2005). The MA broughttogether the work of1,360scientific, technical and policy expertsto assess the consequences of ecosystem change for humanwell-being(MA, 2005). It took place over five years, documenting,analyzing and reporting findings on four thematic clusters:condition and trends, scenarios, responses,
and subglobal assessments. The MA findings were published in2005. Ecosystems and human wellbeing: Synthesis summarizes thefindings in
the technical assessment reports of each thematic cluster. In aworld that is becoming increasingly advancedtechnologically and, inthe case of the developed world, detached from the natural world,it is easy to think that weare no longer dependent on naturalsystems. These natural systems, known as ecosystems, are defined asdynamiccomplexes of plant, animal, and microorganism communitiesand the nonliving environment interacting as afunctionalunit(Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992). The MA documentsthat this is not the case and that, in fact, society(both in thedeveloped and developing world) is very much dependent onecosystems for the services they deliverfor the foodand fresh waterthat keep us alive, the wood that gives us shelter and furniture,even the climate and air we breatheare products of the planetsliving systems.
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Social hierarchy was only made possible by domination of theenvironment becausesurpluses empower class elites.Bookchin 05.(Murray, author, libertarian/socialist/environmentalist, TheEcology of Freedom)
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Turns Case
Anthropocentrism is used to justify domination non-humans andinferior humans.Smith (Penelope Smith- Animal CommunicationSpecialisthttp://www.anaflora.com/animalliberty/articles/penelope/pene-2.htmldateNA)
Many humans have an attitude that restricts their ability tounderstand or empathize with non-human animals and other life formsand has some serious
consequences for all life on this planet. It iscalledanthropocentrism, or viewing man as the center or final aimof the universe. I referto this in my book, Animal Talk, as the"human superiority complex" considering humans as superior to orthe pinnacle of all forms of life. From theanthropocentric view,non-human beings that are most like human are usually consideredmore intelligent, for example,chimpanzees who learn to use signlanguage or dolphins who signal word or thought comprehensionthrough touching electronic devices in their tanks.
Animals or other life forms that don't express themselves inhuman ways by language or in terms easilycomprehensible by commonhuman standards are often considered less developed, inferior, moreprimitive ormechanistic, and usually of less importance thanhumans. This viewpoint has been used to justify using animalsasobjects for human ends. Since humans are the superior creatures,"dumb, unfeeling" non-humans can bedisregarded, mistreated,subjugated, killed or whole species eliminated without much concernfor their existence initself, only their usefulness or lack of itto humankind. Many humans, as they see other animals are more likethem inpatterns of behavior and expression of intelligence, beginto respect them more and treat them with more regard fortheirrights. However, this does not transcend the trap ofanthropocentrism. To increase harmony of life on Earth, all beingsneed to be regarded as worthy of
respect, whether seen as different or similar to the humanspecies. The anthropocentric view toward animals echoes the way inwhichmany humans have discriminated against other humans becausethey were of different cultures, races, religions, orsexes.Regarding others as less intelligent or substandard has commonlybeen used to justify domination, cruelty orelimination of them. Toooften people label what they don't understand as inferior, dumb, orto be avoided, withoutattempting to understand a different way ofbeing. More enlightened humans look upon meeting people, things oranimals that are differentthan themselves as opportunities toexpand their understanding, share new realities, and become morewhole.
The market mechanism damages ecology and attempts to solvepoverty but entrenches it.Fotopoulos, 05(Takis Fotopoulos is apolitical philosopher and economist who founded the inclusivedemocracy movement. The MultidimensionalCrisis and InclusiveDemocracy Chapter 7: The ecological failure of the growth economyhttp://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/ss/ch7.htm)
However, apart from the fact that there is no way to put anobjective value on most of the elements that constitute theenvironment (since they affect asubjective par excellence factor,i.e., the quality of life), the solution suggested, in e ffect,implies the extension of the marketisation process to theenvironment
itself. Thus, not only is it conveniently ignored that it is themarket mechanism itself which is the problem, because from themomentit incorporated an important part of the environmentlanditinitiated the eco-damaging process, but it is alsorecommended thatthe marketisation process has to be extended to the other parts ofthe environment(air, water, etc.) aswell! The outcome of such aprocess is easily predictable: the environment will either be putunder the control of the economic elitesthat control the marketeconomy(in case an actual market value can be assigned to it) orthe state(in case only imputing a value is feasible). Ineithercase, not only the arrest of the ecological damage isatleastdoubtful, but, also, the control over Nature by elites who aimto dominate itusing
green prescriptions this timeis perpetuated.The World Bankignores of course the strong evidence suggesting that it is,mainly, poverty asdevelopment (i.e., poverty caused by development)which is causing the environmental degradation and not povertyasunderdevelopment. This is particularly so, if we allow for the factthat it is the consumerist lifestyles of the rich thatare causingenvironmental degradation rather than those of the poor. Thus, thehigh income countries, where 15 percent of the worldpopulationlive, was the cause of 49 percent of global carbon dioxideemissions in 1990 and over 50 percent in 1997.
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Turns Case
American politics are working to further promote the socialdivide.Weir, 98( Margaret Weir Professor of Sociology and.Political Science at University of California Berkeley. The SocialDivideP31998http://books.google.com/books?id=M-6_ndHumA8C&pg=PA510&lpg=PA510&dq=social+services+create+a+social+divide&source=bl&ots=NNjV1QnWOK&sig=AnECmNX9qCKwO_95RHplvh_UyJw
&hl=en&ei=UilhSpzlLpPGlAfatY2kDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1)
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Solvency Turn
Climate change disproportionately affects the poor that theaffirmative are trying tohelp. We must transcend anthropocentrismand face the ecological collapse going onall around us in order tosolve.
Halverson and McNeill 08. (Elspeth Halverson is a ProgrammeOfficer with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)EquatorInitiative. Charles McNeill is the Manager of theEnvironment Program Team within UNDP and of UNDPs BiodiversityConservation andPoverty Reductionprograms. The Role o f theEnvironment in Poverty Alleviation,http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/resources/documents/environment_role.pdf)
No issue more strikingly illustrates the links betweenenvironmental management and social and economic conditionsthanclimate change.The compelling economic case for action to mitigateclimate change made in October 2006 by Sir Nicholas Stern showshowshortsighted and damaging inaction will be (Cabinet Office,2006). The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Report ofFebruary 2007 underscores theserious risks we face by ignoringimpacts of greenhouse gas pollution. Work recently undertaken byHarvards Medical School, Swiss Re, and UNDP entitledClimate changefutures: Health, ecological, and economic dimensions has alsocontributed to this understanding, especially in the globalbusiness community(Epstein and Mills, 2005). The report lays out inclear terms the impacts of climate change on ecosystems, theeconomy, and h uman health, with reference to thefact thatdeveloping countries will be most vulnerable to these impacts. Bymodeling scenarios that predict gradual warming with growingvariability and increasedcatastrophic weather events, Climatechange futures estimates the economic, environmental and humanhealth costs of global warming. This study, funded inpart by SwissRe, the largest reinsurance company in the world, differs from theothers mentioned in this text in that it is driven by the corporateneed to preparefor future business conditions in order to mainta inprofit margins. The reports findings paint a dire picture for theunabated continuation of the current rate of
carbon dioxide emissions. For instance, rising temperaturesfavor the spread of infectious and respiratory disease (suchasmalaria, West Nile virus, Lyme disease, and asthma), and extremeweather events or sustained changes intemperature or moistureregimes often catalyze outbreaks of other communicable diseases,the treatment of which iscostly and reduces economicproductivity(Epstein and Mills, 2005). In fact, thirty newinfectious diseases associated with changed or degradedecosystemshave been documented since 1970, more than in any other period inrecorded history. Climate change will impact directly ontheenvironment, causing pest infestations, drought, flooding,forest fires, and bleaching of coral reefs, which will upsetthedelicate balance of ecosystems, endangering many species anddriving others to extinctionand putting at risk ecosystemservicessuch as the provision of water and food (Epstein and Mills, 2005).In terms of direct economic impact in the short term, the greatestrisks o f climate
change are the further augmentation of vulnerabilities in theenergy sector. According to the scenarios presented, continuedreliance on fossil fuelswill be affected by increased stormsdisrupting the operation of offshore oilrigs, pipelines,refineries, and distributionsystems, and northern pipelines will bedisabled by melting tundra(Epstein and Mills, 2005). This scenariopaints a picture of our alreadytenuous relationship with oil beingrendered increasingly more so, bringing with it implications ofshortages and international conflict. Not surprisingly, thepoor,especially in developing countries, are most vulnerable to thesethreats. Accordingly, every effort to catalyze economic andsocialdevelopment must also address environmental concernsand createdurable livelihoods that will be responsive to the impacts
brought about by climate change. Climate change threatens toerase or even set back any development gainsof the pastseveraldecades unless serious mitigation efforts are taken andunless significant investments in helpingdeveloping countriesanticipate and respond toimpending impacts are made. This criticalbody of workis called climate change adaptation, and it is furtherevidence of the globalrecognition that environmental issues canhaveenormous implications on the quality of life of people everywhere,and they need to be taken intoaccount.
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Solvency Turn
Their anthropocentric thinking ignores the power of nature, andnatural disasters areinextricably linked to poverty.Herklotz 08.(Alena Herklotz is an Adam and Brittany Levinson Fellow inInternational Law of Sustainable Development, The Role of theEnvironment in
Poverty Alleviation,http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/resources/documents/environment_role.pdf)The rise in the frequency and severity ofnatural disasters has been accompanied by a shift in their globalperception,from a conception of catastrophes beyond human controlto which people can only struggle to respond, to recognition thatnatural disasters are, infact, the product of risk accumulatedthrough years of vulnerability and underlying hazards(Schipper andPelling, 2006).Natural hazards, such as droughts, earthquakes andtsunamis, epidemics, floods, landslides, tropical storms,volcaniceruptions, and wildfires are affecting human populations morebecause people are simply more vulnerable(International Institutefor Sustainable Development [IISD], 2005). Poor planning,population growth, urbanization, and increasingenvironmentaldegradation create the high-risk conditions that invite and enabledisaster(IISD, 2005). Most significantly,however, natural disastersare inextricably linked to poverty. Poverty and exclusion increasethe vulnerability thatenables natural hazards to become disasters,which, in turn, swiftly eliminate development gains made in thefightagainst poverty: disasters triggered by natural hazards are aconsequenceof development failure as much as failed development isa product of disasters(Schipper and Pelling, 2006).
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Root Cause - Empirics
Empirics prove; anthropocentric thinking is exactly whyHurricane Katrina was sucha terrible natural disaster.Thompson 08.(Sacha Thompson is a Centennial Fellow with the SustainableDevelopment Legal Initiative of the Leitner Center forInternational Law
and Justice at Fordham Law School, The Role of the Environmentin Poverty Alleviation,http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/resources/documents/environment_role.pdf)
In October 2004, Joel K. Bourne published an articlein NationalGeographic depicting the devastation caused by a majorhurricanetearing through New Orleans.In his article, hundreds of thousandsofNew Orleanians, many unable to evacuate before thestorm, aredrowned or trapped on rooftops as storm surges drive walls of waterover the citys levees.The floodwaters turnthe city into a cesspoolo f contamination, toxic waste, decaying flesh, and disease. It isdeclared the worst natural d isaster in the history of the UnitedStates
(Bourne, 2004).As fantastic as this story seemed in 2004, thearticle is not entirely a work of fiction. Bourneinterviewedseveral local engineers, fishermen, business owners, andscientists, all of whom agreed that Louisianas severelyerodedwetlandswhich protect the low-lying city of New Orleans from theseverity of hurricanesmade Bournes disaster more of aninevitabilitythan a possibility(Bourne, 2004). At 6:10 a.m. on August 29, 2005,Hurricane Katrina, a high-intensity Category 3 storm,made landfallin Louisiana(Knabb, Rhome, and Brown, 2005) and wreaked havocon thecity of New Orleans as if it used Bournesarticle for a blueprint.1The destruction of Katrina was written all over the levee walls.New Orleans is aculturally rich and vital city carved outof thewetlands of the Mississippi Delta. Since its founding, it has beenstruggling to tame its surrounding
environmentnamely, to prevent the wetlands from swallowing thecity whole. The massive feats o f engineering that keep New Orleansdry and prosperousare truly a marvel. Ironically, these human-mademarvels also aided Hurricane Katrina to cause as much destructionas it did.The destruction of the wetlands, the growth andexploitation of the oil industry, a deeply rooted legacy of racism,andineffective governance jointly contributed to making Katrina theworst natural disaster in U.S. history.This chapter willexplore therole that each of these factors played in the disaster. It willalso offer suggestions drawn from the lessons of other disastersthat may aid a rebuilt NewOrleans in mitigating the devastation ofthe next, inevitable hurricane.
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Anthropocentric thinking in South Louisiana sacrificedbiodiversity and wetlands inthe name of economic gain, and thisparadigm was proven self-destructive.Thompson 08. (Sacha Thompsonis a Centennial Fellow with the Sustainable Development LegalInitiative of the Leitner Center for International Law
and Justice at Fordham Law School, The Role of the Environmentin Poverty Alleviation,http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/resources/documents/environment_role.pdf)
The deltaic process has made the southern Louisiana wetlands anincredibly prosperous region. It is home to one ofthe nations mostvital port complexes, which include the Port of New Orleans.Through South Louisianas ports the bulkcommodities of U.S.agriculturecorn, wheat, and soybeansare sent around the world, andthe bulk commodities needed for American industrysteel andconcrete,for instancecome into the country (Tibbetts, 2006: A41). TheLouisiana coastline also produces one-quarter of the nationsnatural gas and one-fifthof its oil (Tibbetts, 2006: A41). Thewetlands support a USD 300 million per year commercial fishingindustry (Bourne, 2004). Tourism has also become a vitalpart of theLouisiana economy. Americans traveling to Louisiana spentapproximately USD 8.1 billion in 2001 (USACE, 2004: MR 237). In2000, recreationalfisherman spent USD 1.2 billion in the state ofLouisiana, and in 2001, big-game hunters spent USD 446 million andwildlife watchers spent USD 168 million in
the state (USACE, 2004). Residents of the South Louisiana areawere happy to reap the benefits of the areas resources,but theywere not willing to endure the constant and destructive floodingnecessary to sustain them.Today, SouthLouisiana is one of mostintensively engineered places in the nation. Vast quantities ofwater are diverted or reroutedthrough a lacework of navigationcorridors held in place by 2,000 miles of earthen, rock, andconcrete levees (Tibbetts,2006: A41). Instead of depositing itssediment into the wetlands, the Mississippi River now carries thesediment into the
Gulf of Mexico, to the edge of the continental shelf, where itfalls over an underwater cliff, never to be recovered (Fischetti,2001).Blocking the flow of the river to the floodplainsand wetlandsalso blocks the arrival of the freshwater and sediment thatsustainsthese areas; without the deltaic renewal process, the wetlands willbegin to subside and give way to opensaltwater(Tibbetts, 2006).This will cause loss of not only the rich biodiversity and naturalresources but also the crucialnatural protection from inevitablehurricanes and storm surges.As early as 1950, geologistsbegan todocument dramaticloss of land in the Louisiana coastal plainsasmuch as 80 percent of the nations total loss of coastal wetlands,amounting to 1,900 squaremiles from 1932 to 2000 (Tibbetts, 2006:A40). Louisiana is now losing approximately6,600 acres of wetlandper year (Driesen et al., 2005), orone acre every twenty-fourminutes(Fischetti, 2001).
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Poverty does not cause environmental destruction; theconsumption patterns of thenon-poor are to blame.Satterthwaite 02.(David, Current chief researcher for the International Institutefor Environment and Development, January, The Ten and a HalfMyths
that may Distort the urban Policies of Governments andInternational Agencies.)MYTH 9 : Poverty is a major cause ofenvironmental degradation Many international reports claim thatpoverty is a major cause ofenvironmental degradation,including theWorld Commission on Environment and Developments report, Our CommonFuture70and UNEPs Geo2000.71 There is very little evidence thatthis is actually the caseon a global scale e ither in rural areas72or in urban areas. In urbanareas, it is overwhelmingly theconsumption patterns of non-poor groups(especially high incomegroups) and the productionand distribution systems that serve themthat are responsible for most environmental degradation. The urbanpoorcontribute very little to environmental degradation becausethey use so few resources and generate so few wastes.There is astrong association between environmental health problems and urbanpoverty and the confusion between environmental health riskandenvironmental degradation may explain why urban poverty isthought to contribute to environmental degradation. But the twoshould not be confused. Most
environmental health risks pose no threats to environmentaldegradation. Environmental degradation is usually understood interms ofhigh use of scarce nonrenewable resources, damage ordestruction of key renewable resources(such as soils andforests)and the generation of wastes that are not easilyassimilated or broken down by natural processes.So lets considerthe roleof urban poverty in each o f these.In regard tonon-renewable resource use, most of the houses in which low incomegroups
live(and often build for themselves) use recycled or reclaimedmaterials and little use of cement and other materials with ahighenergy input. Low income households have too few capital goods torepresent much of a draw on the worldsfinite reserves of metals andother non-renewable resources. Most low income groups in urbanareas rely on publictransport (or they walk or bicycle) which meanslow average figures for oil consumption per person. On average,theyhave low levels of electricity consumptionon average, not onlybecause those who are connected use less but also because a highproportion oflow income households have no electricity supply. Sothey are responsible for very little of the fossil fuel use thatarises from oil,coal or gas fuelled power stations(and mostelectricity is derived from such power stations).In regard to theuse of renewableresources, low-income urban dwellershave much lowerlevels of consumption than middle and upper income groups. They usemuch lessfreshwater, although this is more due to inconvenientand/or expensive supplies than need or choice.
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(aff cuts out of consideration of inanimate beings)
Values should be extended to all sentient and inanimate beings.We must consider allbeings capable of need.
Sapontzis, 95 (S. F. Sapontzis Professor are California StateUniversity, Hayward, Longbeach. Deputy editor of Between theSpecies: A Journal ofEthics. The Nature of the Value of Nature 1995http://ejap.louisiana.edu/EJAP/1995.spring/sapontzis.1995.spring.html)
While I support a great many environmental causes, I doubt thatthe continuing devastation of nature is a logical consequence ofanthropocentric value systemsand that we need to develop valuesystems imputing overriding, objective value to nature in order toovercome the environmental crisis. As long as peoplebelieved thatnature was an inexhaustible storehouse of riches for fulfillinghuman interests, anthropocentrism could lead to indifference to theeffects of humanactions on nature. However, now that we recognizethe fragility of nature, the devastating effects on nature of ourindifference to the effects of our actions onnature, and thedependence of the quality of human life on preserving nature,anthropocentric values should (logically) lead us to cease doingthings which aredestructive of the natural order, insofar as thequality of human life depends on that order, and to start doingthings which can undo the devastation already
wrought, where doing so would maintain or enhance the quality ofhuman life. Understanding what changes in our behavioranenvironmentally enlightened anthropocentrism would require of usis doubtless not a simple matter and likely wouldnot require thatevery endangered species be preserved or that we all return to thesort of simple homesteader lifesome environmentalists seem tofavor. However, that it would require us to do those things whichmust be done toovercome the environmental crisis is a logicaltruism, since that crisis is defined as a crisis for the bioticcommunity on
which the quality, and even the fact, of human life depend. [4]Furthermore, attributing overriding, objective value tospecies,wetlands, and similar, endangered elements of nature is notthe only alternative to anthropocentrism. Philosophers,such asPeter Singer, who have made a compelling case for the moralsignificance of the suffering and well-being of allsentient beings,human or otherwise, provide us with another alternative.1Thisalternative both avoids the conceptualdifficulties of attributingvalue directly to unfeeling, even inanimate objects and systems andalso establishes awidespread source of non-anthropocentric values.Respecting the needs and wants of wild animals would likelydirectus to proceed even further along the path of doing no moredamage to nature and of undoing the damage alreadydone than wouldenvironmentally enlightened anthropocentrism. For example, where itmight be difficult to show that environmentallyenlightenedanthropocentrism requires preserving the habitat of an endangeredspecies, respecting the needs and wants of the w ild, sentientanimals who inhabitthat area provides a ready basis for requiringsuch preservation.
(aff uses a specific ecological approach)
We must determine between the different ecological approaches:liberal environmentalism, social
ecology, and eco-socialism to handle the marketisation of theeconomy in terms of ecology.Fotopoulos, 05(Takis Fotopoulos is apolitical philosopher and economist who founded the inclusivedemocracy movement. The MultidimensionalCrisis and InclusiveDemocracy Chapter 7: The ecological failure of the growth economyhttp://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/ss/ch7.htm)
I would therefore prefer to classify the ecological approacheson the basis of whether they explicitly attempt or not asynthesisbetween, on the one hand, an analysis of the ecologicalimplications of growth and, on the other, theclassical traditionswhich dealt with the marketisation element of the market economy,i.e. liberalism and socialism.On the basis of the latter criterionwe may distinguish between the following ecologicalapproaches:liberal environmentalism,[9] which is in fact asynthesis of liberal economic theory and environmentalanalysis,eco-socialism,[10] which emphasises the significance ofproduction relations and production conditions in theanalysis ofenvironmental problems and as such represents a synthesis ofMarxist economic theory andenvironmental analysis andsocialecology,[11] which sees the causes of the present ecological crisisin terms of the hierarchical structures ofdomination andexploitation in capitalist society and as such represents anexplicit attempt for a synthesis oflibertarian socialism oranarchism with environmental analysis.
As regards the other approaches which do not aim, at leastexplicitly, to a synthesis with other traditions, what wemay callthe pure ecological approaches,the case par excellence is of coursethe deep ecology approach whichfocuses almost exclusively on theecological implications of the growth economy, although theappropriatedevelopment and sustainable development approaches mayalso be classified in this category.
http://ejap.louisiana.edu/EJAP/1995.spring/sapontzis.1995.spring.html#19http://ejap.louisiana.edu/EJAP/1995.spring/sapontzis.1995.spring.html#19http://ejap.louisiana.edu/EJAP/1995.spring/sapontzis.1995.spring.html#19http://ejap.louisiana.edu/EJAP/1995.spring/sapontzis.1995.spring.html#198/11/2019 Scfi Anthro k
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Four reasons anthropocentric focuses cannot be used as anenvironmental ethicAND other traditional methods fail because theyare inherently anthropocentric.Sivil, 01 (Richard Sivil studied atthe University of Durban Westville, and at the University of Natal,Durban. He has been lecturing philosophy since 1996.
"Why we Need a New Ethic for the Environment", Cultural Heritage2(7): 103116 (2001))
I argue that anthropocentric value systems are not suitable tothe task of developing a comprehensive environmental ethic.Firstly,anthropocentric assumptions have been shown to be largelyresponsible for the current environmental crisis.While this initself does not provide strong support for the claim, it does casta dim light on any theory that is informed by such assumptions.Secondly, anenvironmental ethic requires a significantly wide rangeof focus. As such, it should consider the interests of a widerangeof beings. It has been shown that anthropocentric approaches do notentertain the notion that non-human entities can have interestsindependent ofhuman interests. "Expansionist", "conservationist"and "preservationist" approaches only acknowledge a value in naturethat is determined by the needs andinterests of humans.
Thirdly, because anthropocentric approaches provide a moralaccount for the interests of humans alone, whileexcludingnon-humans from direct moral consideration, they are notsufficiently encompassing. An environmental ethic needsto besuitably encompassing to ensure that a moral account is providedfor all entities that constitute the environment. It cou ld beargued that the indirect moralconcern for the environment arisingout of an anthropocentric approach is sufficient to ensure theprotection of the greater environment. In response, onlythoseentities that are in the interest of humans will be morallyconsidered, albeit indirectly, while those entities which falloutside of this realm will be seen to be morally
irrelevant. Assuming that there are more entities on this planetthat are not in the interest of humans than entities that are, itis safe to say that anthropocentric
approaches are not adequately encompassing. Fourthly, the goalsof an environmental ethic should protect and maintain thegreaterenvironment. It is clear that the expansionist approach, which isprimarily concerned with the transformation of nature for economicreturn, doesnot meet these goals. Similarly, neither does theconservationist approach, which is a rguably the same as theexpansionist approach. The preservationistapproach does, inprinciple satisfy this requirement. However, this is p roblematicfor such preservation is based upon the needs and interests ofhumans, and "as
human interests and needs change, so too would human uses forthe environment" (Des Jardins 1997: 129). Non-human entities, heldcaptive bythe needs and interests of humans, are open to whateverfancies the interests of humans.In light of the above, it ismycontention that anthropocentric value systems fail to provide astable ground for the development of an environmental ethic. It isfair to say that the success of theenvironmental movement islargely "a result of the power of anthropocentric arguments, forthe general population began to realise that the degradation ofthenatural environment would have serious consequences for humanhealth, safety, and survival" (Katz 1999: 378). This is of littlerelevance when regarding thedevelopment of an environmental ethic,for the awareness raised by anthropocentric arguments is restrictedto the consequences affecting humans alone.
Above I argued that anthropocentric value systems are unsuitableto the development of an environmental ethic.Traditional ethicaltheories (teleological, utilitarian, and deontological) were shownto be anthropocentric. This makessuch theories unsuitable to thedevelopment of an environmental ethic. Clearly a wider and moreencompassing ethic is required, onewhich extends moral concernbeyond human boundaries. What is required is a "change in theethics, in attitudes, values and evaluations" (Zimmerman 1998:17),with the assumptions of an environmental ethic being "broader andmore inclusive than the mere consideration of human interests"(Katz 1999: 378).Whether and how such an ethic is possible is thetask of another paper.
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Perm cannot solve- a respect of nature is inherently oppositethan an embracing love and functionsanthropocentrically- saying arespect only came because an organism was deemed worthy ofitaccording to human standards.
Taylor, 89( Paul W. Taylor is a philosopher best known for hiswork in the field of environmental ethicsHe is professor emeritusin philosophy at BrooklynCollege, City University of New York. .Respect for Nature-A theory of Environmental Ethics.1989http://books.google.com/books?id=SzXwxu_PydUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s)
http://books.google.com/books?id=SzXwxu_PydUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://books.google.com/books?id=SzXwxu_PydUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_shttp://books.google.com/books?id=SzXwxu_PydUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s8/11/2019 Scfi Anthro k
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Perm does not clarify the purpose of respect. It functions underanthropocentric terms ofpersonal value versus the non-controversialrespect of consideration.Sapontzis, 95 (S. F. Sapontzis Professorare California State University, Hayward, Longbeach. Deputy editorof Between the Species: A Journal ofEthics. The Nature of the Valueof Nature 1995http://ejap.louisiana.edu/EJAP/1995.spring/sapontzis.1995.spring.html)
[36] Third, the phrase `respect for nature' is frequently usedin discussing environmental issues. `Respect' can refer to certainbehaviors, whereit means `taking into account' or `not interferingwith.' In these senses, `respecting' nature isnon-controversial.But, asdiscussed above, `respect' also refers tofeelings whose intentional objects have ideal value . Now, asalready noted, it is non-controversial that some people findelements of nature to have ideal value, but controversy arises whenit is claimedthat nature has such value independent of humanbeings. Such ideal value would require that there be anonhumansubject or subjects of sufficient intellectual ability toentertain ideals for whom nature is the object of feelingsofrespect, and demonstrating that that requirement has been met isagain difficult, at best.Furthermore, the imperativeimplicationsfor us of nature having ideal value for some other subject orsubjects are also not obvious.
Using nature for life survival depends upon the belief that allfeelings and values are the same andlacks imperativesignificance.
Sapontzis, 95 (S. F. Sapontzis Professor are California StateUniversity, Hayward, Longbeach. Deputy editor of Between theSpecies: A Journal ofEthics. The Nature of the Value of Nature 1995http://ejap.louisiana.edu/EJAP/1995.spring/sapontzis.1995.spring.html)
[34] A non-evolutionary variation on this position is that sinceliving is a goal-directed process -- the goals being healthandreproduction -- life itself establis
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